Song in the Sumatran HighlandsMain MenuGetting OrientedThis page provides an introduction to the projectSongsTitle pagePlacesTitle pagePeoplePerformancesTitle pageModulesThis section provides modules focused on specific topicsGlossaryList of terms used throughout the projectReferencesList of bibliographic and discographic resources referenced in this projectTechnical NotesPathway explaining some technical decisionsProject TeamList of contributors and their roles within the project.AcknowledgmentsPage with AcknowledgmentsLicense, Citation & UseHow to use and cite the material found in this site.
Place: Solok (kabupaten)
12020-07-10T12:16:35+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c327Solok is a kabupaten in the rantau, bordering Tanah Data.google_maps2020-08-12T23:26:20+00:00-0.95065, 100.61977Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8bSolok is a kabupaten in the rantau, bordering Tanah Data. "Solok" means valley.
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12020-07-09T19:00:10+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Mapping SaluangJennifer Fraser19This map provides a listing of all the places connected with saluang in some way.google_maps2021-06-23T12:21:19+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
1media/Image_Pasisia_Salatan2.jpeg2020-07-09T20:58:10+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: RantauJennifer Fraser13The rantau is defined as the outlying regions of the Alam Minangkabau.image_header2021-09-09T01:10:01+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
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1media/Image_bansi.JPGmedia/Image_bansi.JPG2021-04-20T18:52:57+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Genre: Dendang Solok23Dendang Solok is a regional flute and vocal tradition from the Solok regionimage_header2021-06-30T12:26:39+00:00-0.851681, 100.689144Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-08-05T13:42:56+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Ratok Solok"6This song is named for the place, the city and/or Kabupaten Solok.plain2021-04-27T17:50:03+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:20+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Satampang Baniah"5One of songs that is part of "Jalu-Jalu" and can be used to close a saluang performance.plain2020-11-05T01:24:43+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:24+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Solok Manuai"5This song is named after the place, Solok, which is both a city and the kabupaten.plain2021-06-29T23:21:45+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:25+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Solok Gantiang"5This song is named after the place, Solok, which is both a city and the kabupaten.plain2021-06-29T23:20:00+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-11-19T01:24:45+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Pasilian5Pasilian is a nagari in Kecamatan X Koto Diatas, Kabupaten Solok.google_maps2021-02-10T21:02:16+00:00-0.5518, 100.66754Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:33+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Muaro Paneh4Muaro Paneh is a nagari in Kecamatan Bukit Sundi in Kabupaten Solok.google_maps2020-07-21T13:14:21+00:00-0.84991, 100.68744Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:21+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Si Bongsu Babilang Malam"4This song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is both a city and a kabupaten.plain2020-11-05T01:17:48+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:06+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Batang Hari"4This song is named after the river, the Batang Hari .plain2020-10-16T15:59:31+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:31+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Cupak4Cupak is a nagari in Kecamatan Gunung Talang in Kabupaten Solok.google_maps2020-08-13T11:39:06+00:00-0.87986, 100.64689Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12021-04-20T19:28:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Kinari3Kinari is a nagari in kecamatan Bukit Sundi, Kabupaten Solokgoogle_maps2021-04-22T13:29:27+00:00-0.867011, 100.699576Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Batang Hari3Batang Hari is a river that starts in Kabupaten Solok in the province of West Sumatra and flows all the way to the coast of the neighboring province Jambi.google_maps2020-07-10T15:48:37+00:00-0.96363, 101.50243Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:34+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Paninggahan3Paninggahan is a nagari in Kecamatan Jujung Siriah in Kabupaten Solok.google_maps2020-07-21T13:21:18+00:00-0.6545, 100.53025Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:24+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Solok Bacangkeh"3This song is named after the place, Solok, which is both a city and the kabupaten.plain2020-12-04T00:57:34+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:20+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Sabai Nan Alui"2This song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is both a city and a kabupaten.plain2020-11-01T19:47:37+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:21+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Sinar Riau"2This song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is both a city and a kabupaten.plain2020-11-03T18:51:42+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
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1media/Image_Pasisia_Salatan2.jpeg2020-07-09T20:58:10+00:00Place: Rantau13The rantau is defined as the outlying regions of the Alam Minangkabau.image_header2021-09-09T01:10:01+00:00In the Tambo Alam Minangkabau, the Minangkabau region is divided into two main parts: the darek and the rantau. The rantau includes areas of migration outside the darek, including both the areas along the coastal plains (the contemporary kabupaten of Pasaman Barek, Padang Pariaman, and Pasisia Salatan) and areas in the highlands outside the darek (the contemporary kabupaten of Pasaman, Sijunjuang, Solok, Solok Selatan, and Dharmasraya).
Historically, the boundaries of the rantau include lands now part of other provinces, including North Sumatra, Riau, and Jambi. Sometimes, when people say the "rantau" they include all the areas in which people identifying as Minangkabau reside, including areas throughout the Indonesian archipelago and even beyond.
1media/Image_Malam Suntuak 6.jpeg2021-03-24T20:41:27+00:00Contexts for Saluang Performance9This page explains various contextual factors for saluang performancesimage_header2021-09-02T01:09:26+00:00
This page outlines a range of contextual factors that all have a hand in shaping the way a performance unfolds.
What
Saluang performances are held in association with a wide variety of events, ranging from events hosted by families to those hosted by communities or institutions. All the events at which saluang is found have a celebratory nature: the music enhances a sense of festivity and sociability.
Life cycle events, especially weddings and circumcisions
Community celebrations, such as fundraisers, halal-bihalal
Bagurau Lapiak
When
Saluang performances are more common at certain times of the year than others. While Indonesia adheres to the Gregorian calendar for official business, the Islamic calendar equally structures the passage of time in Minangkabau society. Saluang performances won't be found at all during the holy month of Ramadan, when it is not appropriate to hold celebrations of any kind. As the most popular time for weddings and circumcisions is the month following Ramadan, saluang performances are the most frequent then. Jennifer deliberately designed her plan for fieldwork around this calendar. The patina of religiosity lingers through Lebaran and in the week or two afterwards, which does have some influence on the participation in and modesty at saluang performances. Finally, families and communities hosting events might give some consideration to season, whether it is the rainy or dry season. The dry season is better for hosting events held outside with strong attendance. The weather, however, has been less predictable with climate change. In summary, the following are important temporal factors that structure the ways events unfold:
The year: performances were different in 2003-2004 vs. 2015-2016
The month, particularly according to the Islamic calendar
The season: dry or wet, which will affect people's ability to travel.
Where
Saluang performances occur wherever there is a sizable Minang population. The location where an event is held is very influential on the way an event will unfold, in part structuring to some extent the performers who are invited and the pagurau who attend, but also for the repertoire that might be requested. Historically, Bukittinggi was considered the "center" for saluang, with many performers in residence there. Over time, however, Payokumbuah became the center: many performers are now located in or near Payokumbuah.
The broadest distinction with regard to location is between events held in the darek vs. the rantau, including areas of the rantau beyond the borders of West Sumatra. The specific luak is another factor, as is the specific nagari, particularly if there are songs affiliated with it. A performance held in Luak Agam is likely to have some differences from one held in Luak Limo Puluah Koto. Both will have differences from a performance held in areas of the rantau, such as Solok or Pasaman. Those performances held beyond the province would be different yet again. The best singers, like Te E, have stories of traveling to neighboring provinces in Sumatra, including Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra; to Jakarta and other parts of Java; and to parts of Malaysia. I've never attended a saluang performance in the rantau so I can't speak to how they are structured, but I wonder if people don't request the most classic songs, the songs closely associated with their hometowns. Finally, events held in urban centers are likely different from those in more rural locales. This factor is probably most influential on the participants, generating greater attendance closer to population centers. But it is not the only consideration. If a very famous singer will be singing in a more rural location, like Te E in Suayan (about 2 hours one direction by motorbike from Payokumbuah), pacandu are willing to travel. Another factor that plays into the way performances unfold are the physical spaces in which they are located. There is a difference if they are held in a home or in a communal space, the inside of a house or in the yard. When they are held in communal spaces, are these regular gathering spaces for community events, a public marker, a specially-built cafe or road side stall? Are the guests seated at tables and chairs, on rows of chairs, mats on the floor, or must they stand?
Who
Who is hosting a saluang performance has a strong hand in shaping it, including the choice of performers, the choice of saluang styles, and so on. These factors include whether the host is an individual/ family, a community, or an institution. The economic capital of the host affects the budget for an event, which is turn might affect the style of saluang and the physical set up. The performances with the lowest budget, for example, are least likely to have seating or snacks for the pagurau (see Performance: Suayan, August 1, 2015vs. Performance: Batu Balang, July 17, 20160. The religious values of the hosts--the relative piety--will affect the presence or absence of porno lyrics. The performers and pagurau will be more modest if they know a host is more devout. If a host is a known pacandu, then the event will be of a different quality, have different songs, and/or different interactions between performers and pagurau or among pagurau than if the host is less familiar with the scene.
Economics of performance
How a performance is structured relatively to economics shapes its structure. The most important distinction here is whether
Performers are contracted in advance for the event: they are paid some uang muka ("face money," an advance) at the time they are contracted and the remainder at the performance. This can be the case even if the performance is functioning as a fundraiser, where all funds contributed for the honor of making requests goes to the designated cause.
Performers need to generate their own income, working for tips and a share of the evening's takings (see bagurau lapiak).
Summary
In short, each event is completely unique and the conditions are not replicable.
12020-08-05T13:42:56+00:00Song: "Ratok Solok"6This song is named for the place, the city and/or Kabupaten Solok.plain2021-04-27T17:50:03+00:00Translation of Title: "Ratok of Solok." This song is named after the place, the city and/or kabupaten of Solok. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Genre of Origin: Dendang Solok Place affiliations:
Here is an excerpt of "Ratok Solok" performed in the genre of origin, dendang Solok, accompanied by the bansi.
12020-07-16T19:14:24+00:00Song: "Solok Manuai"5This song is named after the place, Solok, which is both a city and the kabupaten.plain2021-06-29T23:21:45+00:00Translation of Title:"Harvesting in Solok." "Solok" is a place affiliation, kabupaten Solok. It could be a physical description of the region. Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: The song is named for the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.
12020-07-16T19:14:25+00:00Song: "Solok Gantiang"5This song is named after the place, Solok, which is both a city and the kabupaten.plain2021-06-29T23:20:00+00:00Alternative Title: "Solok Bagantiang" Translation of Title: "Gantiang" means "narrow," "Solok" is a place affiliation, kabupaten Solok. It could be a physical description of the region. Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: The song is named for the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.
1media/Image_Indang Solok.jpegmedia/Image_Indang Solok.jpeg2020-11-06T13:53:57+00:00Genre: Indang5Indang is a Minangkabau vocal genre with percussion accompanimentimage_header2021-06-29T19:36:49+00:00
Indang is a Minangkabau vocal genre with percussion accompaniment. The genre has Islamic associations, relevant to the textual themes. The vocals are accompanied by frame drums and elaborate, choreographed movement of the seated performers. There are distinct versions in Pariaman and Solok, though the former is more well-known and is the variant referenced when not otherwise qualified.
12020-07-16T19:14:20+00:00Song: "Satampang Baniah"5One of songs that is part of "Jalu-Jalu" and can be used to close a saluang performance.plain2020-11-05T01:24:43+00:00Translation of Title: "A Source of Seeds." Explanation: One of songs that is part of "Jalu-Jalu" and can be used to close a saluang performance. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang (Mardjani noted this as ratok.) Place affiliations: The song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.
12020-07-16T19:14:06+00:00Song: "Batang Hari"4This song is named after the river, the Batang Hari .plain2020-10-16T15:59:31+00:00Translation of Title: This song is named after the river, the Batang Hari. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: This song is named after the river, the Batang Hari, which starts in Kabupaten Solok in the province of West Sumatra and flows all the way to the coast of the neighboring province Jambi. Mardjani lists the place affiliation as Tanah Datar, the neighboring Luak to Solok.
12020-08-26T23:01:56+00:00Song: "Indang Ilia Malam"4Mardjani lists this as a ratok from Solok.plain2020-10-21T21:05:25+00:00Alternative Title: It is possible this is the same song as "Cupak Ilia Malam." Translation of Title: "Indang Late at NIght." "Indang" in the title is used to indicate the style of song, "ilia," which means to flow down stream, combined with "malam" is a metaphor here for time flowing late at night. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: The song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.
12020-07-16T19:14:24+00:00Song: "Solok Bacangkeh"3This song is named after the place, Solok, which is both a city and the kabupaten.plain2020-12-04T00:57:34+00:00Translation of Title: "Bacangkeh" means "spiced up with cloves," "Solok" is a place affiliation, kabupaten Solok, so this title translates as "Solok full of cloves." Cloves might be an important industry in Solok. Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: The song is named for the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.
12020-07-16T19:14:21+00:00Song: "Sinar Riau"2This song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is both a city and a kabupaten.plain2020-11-03T18:51:42+00:00Alternative Title: Translation of Title: TBD. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang. Genre of origin: Place affiliations: The song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.
12020-07-16T19:14:20+00:00Song: "Sabai Nan Alui"2This song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is both a city and a kabupaten.plain2020-11-01T19:47:37+00:00Translation of Title: TBD. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: The song is affiliated with the place, Solok, which is a town and a kabupaten.