Song in the Sumatran HighlandsMain MenuGetting OrientedThis page provides an introduction to the projectSongsTitle pagePlacesTitle pagePeoplePerformancesTitle pageModulesThis section provides modules focused on specific topicsGlossaryList of terms used throughout the projectReferencesList of bibliographic and discographic resources referenced in this projectTechnical NotesPathway explaining some technical decisionsProject TeamList of contributors and their roles within the project.AcknowledgmentsPage with AcknowledgmentsLicense, Citation & UseHow to use and cite the material found in this site.
Place: Agam
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3211Agam is one of the three luak, central regions of the darek (Minangkabau homeland). It is also the name for a kabupaten in contemporary Indonesian administrative terms.google_maps2021-04-29T12:23:24+00:00-0.31535, 100.03265Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Agam is one of the three luak, central regions of the darek (Minangkabau homeland). It is also the name for a kabupaten in contemporary Indonesian administrative terms.
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1media/Image_Tanah_Datar_From_the_slopes_of_Mt._Marapi.jpeg2020-07-09T20:17:40+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: DarekJennifer Fraser9The darek is the heartland of the Alam Minangkabau.image_header2021-09-09T01:17:18+00:00-0.257979, 100.523521Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
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12020-07-09T19:00:10+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Mapping SaluangJennifer Fraser19This map provides a listing of all the places connected with saluang in some way.google_maps2021-06-23T12:21:19+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
1media/Image_Tanah_Datar_From_the_slopes_of_Mt._Marapi.jpeg2020-07-09T20:17:40+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: DarekJennifer Fraser9The darek is the heartland of the Alam Minangkabau.image_header2021-09-09T01:17:18+00:00-0.257979, 100.523521Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
Contents of this tag:
12020-07-10T12:16:31+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Guguak Tabek Sarojo17Guguak Tabek Sarojo is a nagari in Kecamatan Koto IV in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-04-28T12:18:10+00:00-0.32854, 100.36604Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Bukittinggi12Bukittinggi is the biggest city in Luak Agam.google_maps2020-09-16T02:08:51+00:00-0.30477, 100.36957Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Canduang11Canduang is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-06-22T16:38:19+00:00-0.3193, 100.43793Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:32+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Lake Maninjau11Lake Maninjau, a crater lake, is the second largest lake in West Sumatra. The whole region around it is known generally as Maninjau.google_maps2022-02-08T12:59:39+00:00-0.3161, 100.19273Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:32+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Koto Tuo11Koto Tuo is a nagari in Kecamatan IV Koto in Luak Agam.google_maps2021-09-10T03:48:06+00:00-0.33819, 100.35297Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:32+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Lawang10Lawang is a nagari in Kecamatan Matua in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-04-28T21:42:52+00:00-0.26601, 100.27311Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:29+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Baso10Baso is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2024-05-12T18:06:35+00:00-0.2835, 100.47715Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:32+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Lubuak Basuang9Lubuak Basuang is a nagari in Kecamatan Lubuak Basuang in Luak Agam.google_maps2021-09-10T02:58:23+00:00-0.3151, 100.0323Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:33+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Ngarai Sianok8Ngarai Sianok is a famous canyon on the outskirts of Bukittinggi, stretching from Koto Gadang to Sianok Anam Suku and beyond, for a length of 15km. It is part of a fault line running the length of Sumatra.google_maps2021-09-10T03:45:11+00:00-0.30726, 100.3592Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Bayua8Bayua is a nagari in Kecamatan Tanjuang Raya in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-09-15T20:05:08+00:00-0.26455, 100.21427Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:36+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Sungai Pua (kecamatan)7Sungai Pua is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-04-29T12:18:17+00:00-0.35625, 100.41Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:31+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Kamang7Kamang is a region of Agamgoogle_maps2021-02-21T23:28:02+00:00-0.22695, 100.42799Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Pinang Sabatang"7This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-28T12:11:14+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Putiah Sarojo"7This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-30T22:46:15+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:24+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Siriah Langkok"6This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-29T23:16:41+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:05+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Barabah Mandi"6This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-11-07T15:31:54+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-08-06T19:02:03+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Batagak6Batagak is a nagari in Kecamatan Sungai Pua in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-04-28T21:33:45+00:00-0.3675, 100.39186Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:32+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Koto Gadang6Koto Gadang is a nagari in Kecamatan Koto IV in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-09-10T03:41:23+00:00-0.31813, 100.35756Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:19+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Ratok Sari Aji"6This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-22T16:47:31+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T13:45:20+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8bPlace: IV Koto5IV Koto is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-09-10T03:56:40+00:00-0.33254, 100.3189Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Pitaruah Ayah"5This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-26T23:59:29+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:32+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Koto Gadang Anam Koto5Koto Gadang Anam Koto is a nagari in Kecamatan Tanjuang Raya in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-08-13T12:33:56+00:00-0.25108, 100.16368Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:37+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Tilatang Kamang5Tilatang Kamang is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-08-10T18:44:47+00:00-0.25354, 100.39652Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12021-07-02T18:24:43+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Koto Ilalang4Koto Ilalang is a neighborhood of nagari Lambah.google_maps2021-07-02T18:36:46+00:00-0.287895, 100.455643Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:36+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Tanjuang Raya4Tanjuang Raya is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-04-28T13:53:45+00:00-0.2991, 100.22449Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Balingka4Balingka is a nagari in Kecamatan IV Koto in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-09-10T03:20:15+00:00-0.33634, 100.32455Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:35+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Sariak4Sariak is a nagari in Kecamatan Sungai Pua in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-04-29T12:02:17+00:00-0.36635, 100.40313Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-10T12:16:31+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Cingkariang4Cingkariang is a nagari in Kecamatan Banuhampu in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-07-10T15:58:38+00:00-0.36052, 100.38694Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:34+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: RRI Bukittinggi4This is the state-run radio station, Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) Bukittinggi, or Republic of Indonesia Radio, Bukittinggi.google_maps2021-04-29T13:08:37+00:00-0.31898, 100.38478Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:13+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Ladang Piriang"4This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-11-27T17:35:35+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:36+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Tanjuang Sani4Tanjuang Sani is a nagari in Kecamatan Tanjuang Raya in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-09-22T19:01:44+00:00-0.346, 100.16373Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:33+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Matua3Matua is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-07-14T17:30:38+00:00-0.28035, 100.28553Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Bukik Apik Puhun3Bukik Apik Puhun is a nagari in Kecamatan Guguak Panjang in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2020-07-21T12:44:24+00:00-0.30028, 100.3612Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T13:43:04+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8bPlace: Palembaian3Palembaian is a kecamatan in Kabupaten Agam. It's also affiliated with a nagari, called IV Koto Palembayan, or the "4 villages of Palembayan."google_maps2020-08-06T21:32:40+00:00-0.16557, 100.19273Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:09+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Gumarang Jaya"3This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-10-21T20:53:23+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12021-08-03T13:21:10+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Koto Malintang3Koto Malintang is a nagarin in Kecamatan Tanjuang Rayagoogle_maps2021-08-03T13:34:14+00:00-0.267137, 100.155605Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:20+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Sawah Rakan"3This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-11-05T01:24:00+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-10-07T19:24:28+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Koto Kaciak3Koto Kaciak is a nagari in Kecamatan Tanjuang Raya in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-02-09T21:04:55+00:00-0.24711, 100.16715Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12021-08-11T11:27:42+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Tiku2Tiku is a coastal nagari in Kecamatan Tanjuang Mutiaragoogle_maps2021-08-11T11:29:06+00:00-0.402163, 99.915197Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Ranggo malai"2This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-10-28T22:16:49+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-07-16T19:14:08+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Song: "Gaek Rangkik"2This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-10-21T00:59:55+00:00Gabriela Linares93b11788b420aa18884831bc41dd62cbbe2edd8b
12020-08-06T20:36:31+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Lambah2Lambah is a nagari in Kecamatan IV Angkat Canduang in Kabupaten Agam.google_maps2021-07-02T18:34:21+00:00-0.28472, 100.43095Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-08-26T18:06:49+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Pulai2Pulai is a neighborhood in Lubuak Basuanggoogle_maps2020-08-26T18:07:40+00:00-0.310379, 100.016041Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12021-02-22T00:02:39+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Magek1Magek is a nagari in Kecamatan Kamang Magek.google_maps2021-02-22T00:02:39+00:00-0.236805, 100.431595Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12021-02-22T12:26:49+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Place: Biaro1Biaro is a jorong within nagari Biaro Gadanggoogle_maps2021-02-22T12:26:49+00:00-0.288626, 100.431056Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
This page is referenced by:
1media/Image_Gadih Santan 2016.jpegmedia/Image_Santan badendang.JPG2020-11-20T11:29:28+00:00People: Gadih Santan20Gadih Santan is a well-known padendang.image_header2021-06-22T22:27:50+00:00-0.23089, 100.74755July 14, 2016Stage Name: Gadih/ Adi Santan: "santan" means coconut milk. Her nickname came about as she was seen as "sweet," like santan. Other Names: Adi Harnis Role: Padendang. Sex: Female. Time Frame: Contemporary Figure Source: personal encounter in 2004 and 2016. Born: Died: Place of Origin: Place of Residence:Lurah Bukik, Nagari Balai Panjang. Year started performing: Training: Relationships to other performers: Performances:
Performance: Sekolah Tinggi Seni Indonesia, December 23, 2003.
Performance: Pariangan, February 10, 2004.
Performance: Suayan, July 29, 2016.
Interviews: July 14, 2016. Songs composed: Recordings: Other notes: She is particularly liked in Agam because of a preference there for padendang with lower voices.
12020-11-20T11:29:28+00:00People: Erni Batu Balang10Erni Batu Balang is a padendang.image_header2021-06-24T00:50:19+00:00-0.17912, 100.68161Stage Name: Erni Batu Balang: her stage name asserts a place affiliation with nagari Batu Balang. Other Names: Role: Padendang. Sex: Female. Time Frame: Contemporary figure Source: in person encounter in 2004 Born: Died: Place of Origin: Batu Balang. Place of Residence: Year started performing: Training: Relationships to other performers: Performances:
Performance: Kampung Jambak, December 2, 2003
Songs composed: Recordings: Other notes: She is particularly liked in Agam because of a preference there for padendang with lower voices.
1media/Image_Malam Suntuak 6.jpeg2021-03-24T20:41:27+00:00Contexts for Saluang Performance9This page explains various contextual factors for saluang performancesimage_header2021-09-02T01:09:26+00:00
This page outlines a range of contextual factors that all have a hand in shaping the way a performance unfolds.
What
Saluang performances are held in association with a wide variety of events, ranging from events hosted by families to those hosted by communities or institutions. All the events at which saluang is found have a celebratory nature: the music enhances a sense of festivity and sociability.
Life cycle events, especially weddings and circumcisions
Community celebrations, such as fundraisers, halal-bihalal
Bagurau Lapiak
When
Saluang performances are more common at certain times of the year than others. While Indonesia adheres to the Gregorian calendar for official business, the Islamic calendar equally structures the passage of time in Minangkabau society. Saluang performances won't be found at all during the holy month of Ramadan, when it is not appropriate to hold celebrations of any kind. As the most popular time for weddings and circumcisions is the month following Ramadan, saluang performances are the most frequent then. Jennifer deliberately designed her plan for fieldwork around this calendar. The patina of religiosity lingers through Lebaran and in the week or two afterwards, which does have some influence on the participation in and modesty at saluang performances. Finally, families and communities hosting events might give some consideration to season, whether it is the rainy or dry season. The dry season is better for hosting events held outside with strong attendance. The weather, however, has been less predictable with climate change. In summary, the following are important temporal factors that structure the ways events unfold:
The year: performances were different in 2003-2004 vs. 2015-2016
The month, particularly according to the Islamic calendar
The season: dry or wet, which will affect people's ability to travel.
Where
Saluang performances occur wherever there is a sizable Minang population. The location where an event is held is very influential on the way an event will unfold, in part structuring to some extent the performers who are invited and the pagurau who attend, but also for the repertoire that might be requested. Historically, Bukittinggi was considered the "center" for saluang, with many performers in residence there. Over time, however, Payokumbuah became the center: many performers are now located in or near Payokumbuah.
The broadest distinction with regard to location is between events held in the darek vs. the rantau, including areas of the rantau beyond the borders of West Sumatra. The specific luak is another factor, as is the specific nagari, particularly if there are songs affiliated with it. A performance held in Luak Agam is likely to have some differences from one held in Luak Limo Puluah Koto. Both will have differences from a performance held in areas of the rantau, such as Solok or Pasaman. Those performances held beyond the province would be different yet again. The best singers, like Te E, have stories of traveling to neighboring provinces in Sumatra, including Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra; to Jakarta and other parts of Java; and to parts of Malaysia. I've never attended a saluang performance in the rantau so I can't speak to how they are structured, but I wonder if people don't request the most classic songs, the songs closely associated with their hometowns. Finally, events held in urban centers are likely different from those in more rural locales. This factor is probably most influential on the participants, generating greater attendance closer to population centers. But it is not the only consideration. If a very famous singer will be singing in a more rural location, like Te E in Suayan (about 2 hours one direction by motorbike from Payokumbuah), pacandu are willing to travel. Another factor that plays into the way performances unfold are the physical spaces in which they are located. There is a difference if they are held in a home or in a communal space, the inside of a house or in the yard. When they are held in communal spaces, are these regular gathering spaces for community events, a public marker, a specially-built cafe or road side stall? Are the guests seated at tables and chairs, on rows of chairs, mats on the floor, or must they stand?
Who
Who is hosting a saluang performance has a strong hand in shaping it, including the choice of performers, the choice of saluang styles, and so on. These factors include whether the host is an individual/ family, a community, or an institution. The economic capital of the host affects the budget for an event, which is turn might affect the style of saluang and the physical set up. The performances with the lowest budget, for example, are least likely to have seating or snacks for the pagurau (see Performance: Suayan, August 1, 2015vs. Performance: Batu Balang, July 17, 20160. The religious values of the hosts--the relative piety--will affect the presence or absence of porno lyrics. The performers and pagurau will be more modest if they know a host is more devout. If a host is a known pacandu, then the event will be of a different quality, have different songs, and/or different interactions between performers and pagurau or among pagurau than if the host is less familiar with the scene.
Economics of performance
How a performance is structured relatively to economics shapes its structure. The most important distinction here is whether
Performers are contracted in advance for the event: they are paid some uang muka ("face money," an advance) at the time they are contracted and the remainder at the performance. This can be the case even if the performance is functioning as a fundraiser, where all funds contributed for the honor of making requests goes to the designated cause.
Performers need to generate their own income, working for tips and a share of the evening's takings (see bagurau lapiak).
Summary
In short, each event is completely unique and the conditions are not replicable.
12020-08-05T13:42:56+00:00Song: "Basi Pai Baladang"9This title translates as "Basi goes to work the fields."plain2020-12-06T01:30:32+00:00Translation of Title: "Basi goes to work the fields." Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Ratok. Place affiliations:
1media/Image_Malam Suntuak 2.jpeg2020-11-20T11:29:29+00:00People: Reni Agam9Reni Agam is a padendang from a well-known family.image_header2021-06-08T22:04:44+00:00-0.36052, 100.38694Stage Name: Reni Agam: her stage name asserts a place affiliation with Luak Agam. It's interesting that her chosen stage name affiliates her with the luak, while her sisters' stage names are more specific. Other Names: Role: Padendang. Sex: Female. Time Frame: Contemporary Figure Source: personal encounter in 2004 and 2016. Born: Died: Place of Origin:Cingkariang. Place of Residence: Year started performing: Training: Relationships to other performers:
Her mother--Te Inar--and four sisters--Epi Cingkariang, Nor Cingkariang, Upik Cingkariang & Dewi--are all padendang.
Performances:
Performance: Radio Republik Indonesia Bukittinggi, February 6, 2004.
Interview: she happened to drop by Upi Cingkariang's house when I was interviewing her July 22, 2016. Songs composed: Recordings: Other notes:
12020-07-16T19:14:10+00:00Song: "Kamang Bakayu"8This song is named after the place, the region Kamang.plain2021-06-25T00:57:03+00:00Translation of Title: "Bakayu" means "to search for wood in the forest." "Kamang" in this title is used to reference to the place, the region of Kamang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: Kamang is a region broader than two kecamatan.
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Song: "Pinang Sabatang"7This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-28T12:11:14+00:00Translation of Title: "A Lone Betel Palm" Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Ratok.
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Song: "Putiah Sarojo"7This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-30T22:46:15+00:00Translation of Title: "White Lotus." Composer: This is another song I have seen attributed to Mak Sawir. Type of song: Ratok. However, the only recorded example of "Putiah Sarojo" is from a saluang dangdut performance, suggesting it's either a lagu gembira or there are two different tunes that go by this title. Place affiliations:
Luak: Agam.
Darek or Rantau: Darek.
Source: Martis.
12020-07-16T19:14:10+00:00Song: "Kamang Basiriah"7This song is named after the place, the region Kamang.plain2021-06-25T00:58:47+00:00Translation of Title: "Basiriah" means to "have/do betel," as in "to chew or offer betel." "Kamang" in this title is used to reference to the place, the region of Kamang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: None. Place affiliations: Kamang is a region broader than two kecamatan.
12020-07-16T19:14:19+00:00Song: "Ratok Sari Aji"6This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-22T16:47:31+00:00Alternative Title: Te E and Mardjani both lists as "Sari Aji" Translation of Title: "Ratok of the Balanced Haji (somone who has completed the pilgrimage to Mecca)" Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations:
12020-08-05T13:42:57+00:00Song: "Andam Oi"6This song is a popular Minangkabau tune.plain2020-11-07T15:17:31+00:00Composer: Ramadhan Ahmad is listed as the composer on Misramolai recordings. Type of song: Gembira. Place affiliations:
12020-07-16T19:14:05+00:00Song: "Barabah Mandi"6This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-11-07T15:31:54+00:00Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Gembira. Place affiliations:
Luak: Agam.
Darek or Rantau: Darek.
12020-07-16T19:14:24+00:00Song: "Siriah Langkok"6This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-29T23:16:41+00:00Translation of Title: "Siriah Langkok" means "complete siriah," where siriah is a ceremonial offering involving betel nut, tobacco, and gambier, a kind of chew that produces red juice. Composer: Syamsimar claimed authorship (interview with Syamsimar, Pariangan, September 24, 2004). Type of song:Gembira.
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Si Ponda"5This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:37:51+00:00Translation of Title: "Si Ponda" means "the chubby one." "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Gembira. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-07-16T19:14:27+00:00Song: "Tigo Baleh Gabalo Itiak"5This title translates as "Thirteen Duck Herders."plain2021-06-29T23:47:14+00:00Translation of Title: "Thirteen Duck Herders" Composer: Unknown. Type of song:Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations:
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Song: "Pitaruah Ayah"5This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2021-06-26T23:59:29+00:00Translation of Title: "A Father's Advice." Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations:
Luak: Agam.
Darek or Rantau: Darek.
Source: Martis.
12020-07-16T19:14:12+00:00Song: "Ladang Gadang"5This song is affiliated with the place, Lake Maninjau.plain2020-12-04T01:22:09+00:00Translation of Title: "Big Field." Composer: Unknown. Type of song: None. Place affiliations: Lake Maninjau.
12020-07-16T19:14:08+00:00Song: "Gadih Tajun Ngarai"5This song is affiliated with the place, Lake Maninjau.plain2021-06-25T00:30:00+00:00Translation of Title: "Young woman jumps into the canyon." Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations:
12020-08-05T13:42:49+00:00Song: "Kamang Karimbo"5This song is affiliated with the place, the region of Kamang.plain2020-12-04T01:26:59+00:00Translation of Title: "Karimbo" means "to go to the forest." "Kamang" in this title is used to reference the place, the region of Kamang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: Kamang is a region broader than two kecamatan.
12020-07-16T19:14:18+00:00Song: "Ratok Batagak"4This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Batagak.plain2021-02-21T23:20:03+00:00Alternative Title: "Batagak" Translation of Title: "Ratok of Batagak." This song is named after the place, the nagari Batagak. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations:
12020-07-16T19:14:14+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang"4This song is named after the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang, which is the capital of Agam.plain2021-06-26T23:28:49+00:00Translation of Title: This song in named after the place, the regional capital of Agam, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam
12020-07-16T19:14:10+00:00Song: "Kamang Patah Tigo"4This song is named after the place, the region Kamang.plain2021-06-25T01:00:38+00:00Translation of Title: "Patah Tigo" means "broken in three." "Kamang" in this title is used to reference the place, the region of Kamang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: Kamang is a region broader than two kecamatan.
12020-08-05T13:42:57+00:00Song: "Kajai Talu"4This song is about rubber trees.plain2020-10-22T02:09:53+00:00Translation of Title: "Kajai" is the word for rubber tree. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Gembira. Place affiliations:
12020-07-16T19:14:13+00:00Song: "Ladang Piriang"4This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-11-27T17:35:35+00:00Translation of Title: "Field of Plates"? Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Gembira. Place affiliations:
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Sarondong"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:36:16+00:00Alternative Title: "Sarondong." Translation of Title: "Sarondong" means "fallen or plunged into water." "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-07-16T19:14:09+00:00Song: "Gumarang Jaya"3This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-10-21T20:53:23+00:00Translation of Title: "Gumarang Jaya" means "Victorious Gumarang." Gumarang is a horse in the Minangkabau kaba, "Cindua Mato." Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang (Mardjani noted this as gembira) Place affiliations:
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Siamang Bagayuik"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-11-05T01:12:17+00:00Translation of Title: "Gibbon Swinging [from a branch]" Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Satangah Tiang. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-07-16T19:14:20+00:00Song: "Sawah Rakan"3This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-11-05T01:24:00+00:00Translation of Title: "Field of an Associate" Composer: Unknown. Type of song: None. Place affiliations:
12020-08-05T13:42:49+00:00Song: "Kamang Lamo"3This song is affiliated with the place, the region of Kamang.plain2020-11-12T15:57:21+00:00Translation of Title: "Lamo" means "long (time)," "Kamang" is inserted in the title to indicate the song's affiliation with a specific place, the region of Kamang. "Kamang Lamo" means "the Kamang song of long ago." Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: Kamang is a region broader than two kecamatan.
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Si Kasun"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:37:07+00:00Translation of Title: "Si Kasun" is the name for a specific person or a kind of person. "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Gembira. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Sigujuang"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:38:34+00:00Translation of Title: TBD. "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Sigujuang Duo Kali"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:39:24+00:00Translation of Title: TBD. "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Sigujuang Sakali"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:39:57+00:00Translation of Title: TBD. "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-08-05T13:42:51+00:00Song: "Lubuak Basuang Tarakena"3This song is affiliated with the place, the nagari Lubuak Basuang.plain2020-12-01T23:40:31+00:00Translation of Title: TBD. "Lubuak Basuang" in the title refers to a place affiliation, the regional capital, Lubuak Basuang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Gembira. Place affiliations: The contemporary capital of Agam.
12020-07-16T19:14:18+00:00Song: "Ratok Kamang"3This song is named after the place, the region Kamang.plain2020-12-02T02:44:13+00:00Alternative Title: "Kamang" Translation of Title: "Ratok of Kamang." This song is named after the place, the region of Kamang. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations: Kamang is a region broader than two kecamatan.
1media/Image_Mardjani_Djamarih.jpg2021-02-25T14:08:42+00:00People: Kamboan2Kamboan was a padendang and/or tukang saluangimage_header2021-03-01T20:40:40+00:00Role: Padendang/ Tukang saluang Sex: Male Time Frame: Historical figure Generation: 2nd Place: Agam Trained: Djamarih Source: Mardjani et. al.
12020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00Song: "Ranggo malai"2This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-10-28T22:16:49+00:00Translation of Title: TBD. Composer: Unknown. Type of song: None. Place affiliations:
12020-07-16T19:14:16+00:00Song: "Parantaian"2This title translates as "chaining."plain2020-10-27T20:01:13+00:00Alternative Title: Mardjani lists as "Parantain Pak Bawang," others as "Ratok Pak Bawang" Translation of Title: This title translates as "chaining." Composer: Unknown. Type of song: Ratok. Place affiliations:
12020-07-16T19:14:08+00:00Song: "Gaek Rangkik"2This song is affiliated with the place, the luak of Agam.plain2020-10-21T00:59:55+00:00Translation of Title: "Sore Old Person" Composer: Unknown. Type of song: None. Place affiliations:
