Song in the Sumatran HighlandsMain MenuGetting OrientedThis page provides an introduction to the projectSongsTitle pagePlacesTitle pagePeoplePerformancesTitle pageModulesThis section provides modules focused on specific topicsGlossaryList of terms used throughout the projectReferencesList of bibliographic and discographic resources referenced in this projectTechnical NotesPathway explaining some technical decisionsProject TeamList of contributors and their roles within the project.AcknowledgmentsPage with AcknowledgmentsLicense, Citation & UseHow to use and cite the material found in this site.
Songs by Place Affiliation
1media/JF20_ALAM_MINANGKABAU_v3.jpegmedia/JF20_ALAM_MINANGKABAU_v3.jpeg2020-07-25T11:21:18+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3216Description of connections between songs and placesimage_header2022-02-08T03:51:39+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3The connection between songs and places is important, one of the key ways people categorize songs. Some songs are named for places with which they are affiliated, the place name appearing in the title. Some people call these "lagu asal" (songs of the place of origin), other people, such as Te E, call them "lagu daerah" (songs of regions). Other songs are affiliated with places, known to come from there, but they do not have the place name in their title. At the broadest level, there are those songs from the darek and those from the rantau. Explore the pathways below to follow the increasingly smaller geographic affiliations.
This page has paths:
12020-08-21T11:48:34+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3RepertoireJennifer Fraser22Introduction to Repertoireplain2022-02-08T03:39:57+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
Contents of this path:
12021-06-23T12:00:15+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Songs Named for Places3Description and list of songs named for placesplain2021-06-23T12:18:03+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
1media/JF20_DAREK.jpgmedia/JF20_DAREK.jpg2020-07-29T16:36:29+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Songs from the Darek59This is a list of all songs from the Darekimage_header2021-04-29T18:15:45+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-25T11:21:57+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Songs from the Darek by Luak9Songs from the Darek by Luakvisual_path2020-10-07T22:12:21+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-29T17:46:02+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Songs from the Rantau5List of all songs from the Rantauplain2020-10-18T23:10:12+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
12020-07-25T11:22:23+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3Songs from the Rantau by Region3Songs from the Rantau by Regionvisual_path2020-07-29T17:45:36+00:00Jennifer Fraser404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
This page is referenced by:
12020-08-24T12:43:20+00:00Introduction to Songs14This page provides an introduction to the basics of songsplain2022-02-08T03:19:02+00:00Songs--called "dendang" in Minangkabau and "lagu" in Indonesian--are at the heart of saluang. But just what is a song in the context of saluang and how do people talk about them, how do they know and approach them as things in the world? This page provides a basic introduction to help orient you, the user, to the local ways of knowing and thinking about these songs.
What is a song?
What constitutes a song--that is what makes up the DNA of any given song--might be different than your definition. Very few of these songs have identified composers. These songs are identified by title and tune, not by their lyrics. That is because the textual content is not fixed. That content may--and usually does--change from one performance to the next, with padendang drawing on their stock of memorized verses or creating them anew in response to the performance context and interactions with the audience members. Make sure to read song texts for more information. People identify songs largely by their structure, including melodic and rhythmic content. But they also categorize individual songs and group them together based on similarities in a variety of different ways.
Classification of songs
Practitioners and devotees of saluang alike provide a number of categories for classifying songs. These categories provide local ways of knowing the repertoire, ways of interpreting, understanding, learning, appreciating, requesting and otherwise interacting with the songs. The most important ways of knowing and classifying the songs are through type of song and their place affiliations. In presenting individual songs in this site, we engage and use these local systems of knowledge to organize them. It is also important to note that different people might have divergent knowledge about a song's associations, based on their positionality and individualized experiences. The associations presented in this site reflect an identification provided by an individual to me. That doesn't make it necessarily it the "right" interpretation. I think the moments of multiple identifications are more fascinating than the clear cut cases, revealing the way knowledge is differently structured and experienced by individuals.
Classification by type of song
Most practitioners and devotees classify the songs according to one of three song types: ratok (sad songs, literally from the word "lament"), gembira (happy songs) and those in between, satangah tiang (literally "half mast"), which are sometimes described as "half happy" and sometimes as "half sad," depending on who is talking. There are also a large collection of songs from the region called Singgalang. Some people refer to these songs--a very distinctive collection--as a fourth category and others refer to them as a subcategory of ratok.
Classification by function
There are a few songs that are classified according to their function: talingkin (songs sung without saluang in the middle of a performance) and jalu-jalu (the songs used to close a performance).
Classification by place affiliation
Most songs are affiliated with places, identified by performers and devotees as affiliated with either the darek or the rantau, a specific luak or kabupaten, a region (an area that doesn't map neatly onto any one administrative unit), a nagari, or a specific landmark.
Classification by pokok
Tukang saluang (flute players) also classify the songs according to pokok (a system that references how many finger holes are open or closed). This is a more specialized level of knowledge, so we've opted to exclude it for now.
Origin of songs
Most of the songs in the repertoire are considered "klasik," meaning they have been part and parcel of the genre for a very long time. The genre, however, incorporates new material from other genres, both regional Minangkabau practices, such as indang or sijobang, and popular genres, such as regional and national dangdut tunes. It is not clear how long this incorporation of "outside" material has been occurring, but it has been occurring at least since I started tracking songs in 2003-2004. See Songs Imported from Other Genres.
Attribution of Songs
Most of the songs in the repertoire are not attributed to any specific composer. Most of these songs could be considered part of the "klasik" repertoire, composed before the practice of making connections between content and individual ownership. There are some songs, however, that we present here that do have attributed composers, most of whom are well-known padendang (see composers). Practitioners and connoisseurs alike sometimes offer attribution in discussing the songs, but there is not always agreement in that attribution. I expect that is for a number of reasons: not documented in writing, people offering covers and variations, people familiar with the first person to have popular or commercial success with a tune, even if they didn't initially compose the tune. It is sometimes difficult to parse these stories to get to the truth, whatever that may be; instead it is best to consider each claim telling a different kind of truth.
Structure of Songs
Most songs are strophic in form, meaning the melody stays consistent for each verse. There are a handful of songs, for example, "Pariaman Panjang" and "Kambang Aia Aji," that have multiple parts, with each part having a distinct melody. These parts are know as induak (mother) and anak (child). While there is an ideal progression of order through these multi-part songs (say induak, anak, anak), my recordings suggest that order is not always followed. See Songs with Interesting Features.
This page references:
1media/Image_Sariah Laweh 1.jpeg2020-11-20T11:29:29+00:00People: Te E17Te E is a well-known padendang.image_header2021-06-11T23:51:18+00:00-0.267599, 100.374662
1media/Image_Pasisia_Salatan2.jpeg2020-07-09T20:58:10+00:00Place: Rantau13The rantau is defined as the outlying regions of the Alam Minangkabau.image_header2021-09-09T01:10:01+00:00
1media/Image_Tanah_Datar_From_the_slopes_of_Mt._Marapi.jpeg2020-07-09T20:17:40+00:00Place: Darek9The darek is the heartland of the Alam Minangkabau.image_header2021-09-09T01:17:18+00:00-0.257979, 100.523521