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1. 1 media/Image_Te E singing2.JPG 2021-02-05T18:53:51+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 Role: Padendang Jennifer Fraser 13 This page explains the role of padendang image_header 2021-03-04T13:40:38+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
2. 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Djamarih.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:41+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 People: Djamarih Jennifer Fraser 8 Djamarih was an influential padendang image_header 2021-03-01T21:07:13+00:00 -0.3675, 100.39086 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
3. 1 2021-02-09T13:25:10+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 Mapping Performers Jennifer Fraser 8 This map illustrates the locations of performers google_maps 2021-04-29T12:55:44+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
4. 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Complete Chart of Performers.jpg 2021-02-25T20:12:10+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 People: List of Historical Figures Jennifer Fraser 6 List of Historical Figures involved in Dendang Darek image_header 2021-03-02T21:59:12+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
5. 1 2021-02-21T22:35:21+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 Connections between People Jennifer Fraser 5 This page maps the connections between people plain 2021-02-21T22:44:12+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
6. 1 2021-02-12T01:42:21+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 List of interviews Jennifer Fraser 5 This page outlines the people I have interviewed in the process of ethnographic research timeline 2021-08-03T20:13:06+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3
7. 1 media/Image_Malam Suntuak 1a.jpeg media/Image_Malam Suntuak 1a.jpeg 2021-02-09T13:19:13+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 Role: Composer Jennifer Fraser 4 People who receive attribution for composing new songs in the saluang repertoire image_header 2021-09-03T19:47:02+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3

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• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:21+00:00 Song: "Singgalang Alai" 21 This song is part of a sub-category of songs called Singgalang that are named after the place, the nagari and mountain called Singgalang. plain 2021-05-14T11:45:17+00:00 The title of this tune is one of the most contested in saluang. There are two very different tunes that people identify as "Singgalang Alai." I learned this the hard way when I was invited to sing a dendang that I knew at Bagurau di Udaro September 27, 2004. I offered one of my standards, "Singgalang Alai," to Mak Il St. Rajo Endah, the announcer and emcee of the program and my contact at RRI. I had sung this tune at performances before without incident but this time was different. When the tukang saluang, Inyiak Harimau, began this song and Mak Ajis St. Sati delivered his first pantun, I was alarmed: this was not the tune I knew as "Singgalang Alai." I whispered that to Mak Il, but he told me not to worry and just sing what I knew. So I did and the tukang saluang switched songs mid-tune, following me. Mak Ajis then sang a verse of the version I knew after me: clearly he knew this tune, too. Confused, I chatted with Inyiak Harimau during a break. He told me that the practice of calling the song I sang "Singgalang Alai" was newer  (personal conversation). The older convention was to call this tune "Singgalang Induak," as was indeed the title Sri and Pian used at the recording session in 2016. Finally, when I interviewed Ajis St. Sati a couple of months after the Bagurau di Udaro, he told me that the tune I know as "Singgalang Alai" is "Singgalang Gulai Rendang," offering the third title I heard for the same tune. He hummed the tune that he believed should be called "Singgalang Alai" (interview, Bukittinggi, 11/04/2004). 
  
  I am fascinated by this story. Just who was right? It doesn't matter as much to me as the idea that different performers have different practices and knowledge. To me that is the story. What it has complicated, however, is how to refer to the tune on this site. The best ethnographic process is to make sure to honor the titles used by the performers. Therefore, to clarify it's use on this site and to identify the different tunes I will use the terms  "Singgalang Alai [Old]"  for the version than Mak Ajis knows and "Singgalang Alai [New]" for the tune that many others identified as "Singgalang Alai."
  
  Translation of Title: "Singgalang" in the title refers not just to place affiliation but to the category of songs called Singgalang. "Alai" is a neighborhood in Padang.
  Explanation: The tune "Singgalang Alai [New]" or what others call "Singgalang Induak" is often the very first song of a saluang performance, following the Imbauan Saluang and Imbauan Singgalang. It is interesting that a song so key to saluang has such confusion surrounding its title. 
  Composer: Unknown. 
  Type of song: Singgalang.
  Place affiliations: This whole category of song is named after the place, the nagari and mountain called Singgalang.
  • Nagari: Singgalang.
  • Kecamatan: X Koto.
  • Luak: Tanah Data.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.

  Source: Mardjani's List of Songs (but it is unclear which tune was designated), Martis (who used the title refer to the tune marked here as "Singgalang Alai [New]").
  
  

• 1 media/Image_Ajis St Sati.jpeg media/15. Group.jpeg 2020-10-31T12:19:18+00:00 Performance: Radio Republik Indonesia Bukittinggi, September 27, 2004 12 Bagurau di Udaro image_header 2021-09-03T20:45:13+00:00 -0.31698, 100.38478 09/27/2004 Date: September 27, 2004
  Time:
  Place: Radio Republik Indonesia Bukittinggi
  Style: Saluang Klasik
  Occasion: Bagurau di Udaro
  Set up:
  Performers:
  • Padendang: Ajis St. Sati
  • Tukang Saluang: Inyiak Harimau, Herman
  • Janang/ Radio Host: Mak Il St. Rajo Endah
  Audience:
  Ethnographers:
  Attendance:
  Notes:
• 1 2020-12-18T19:50:13+00:00 Repertoire: Recording Session, February 9, 2004 11 List of Repertoire at Rabab Darek Recording Session plain 2021-06-22T22:14:36+00:00
  
  1. Song: "Singgalang Alai". I assume when the performers were asked to present "Singgalang Alai," they agreed that the tune that went by this title was what I am calling "Singgalang Alai [New]."  
  2. Song: "Singgalang Induak". I recorded the tiniest fraction of a conversation which suggests there was some confusion over titles and tunes, so the performers then presented a tune identified in my notes as "Singgalang Induak," but it should be noted that the variant they produced under this title--or at least what I have labeled as "Singgalang Induak"--is "Singgalang Alai [Old]," the same tune Mak Ajis St. Sati idenitified as "Singgalang Alai" at Bagurau di Udaro in September of that year. From the perspective 17 years later, I wish I had recorded the whole conversation for what insight it might sharing about this naming mystery.  
  3. Song: "Ratok Bonjo"
  4. Song: "Pariaman Lamo"
  5. Song: "Muaro Peti"
  6. Song: "Sirompak Taeh"
  7. Song: "Indang Payokumbuah"
  8. Song: "Indang Batu Balang"
  9. Song: "Tigo Balai"
  10. Song: "Ratok Koto Gadang"
  11. Song: "Suntiang Patah Batikam"
  12. Song: "Sijobang" performed on just rabab
  13. Song: "Muaro Peti" performed on just rabab
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:41+00:00 People: Abas St. Pamenan 10 Abas St. Pamenan was a padendang image_header 2021-02-25T23:21:12+00:00 -0.33819, 100.35297 Role: Padendang
  Sex: Male
  Time Frame: Historical figure
  Born: @1929
  Died: unknown
  Generation: 4th
  Place: Koto Tuo
  Performed with: Ajis St. Sati in group Ganto Sori
  Source: Mardjani et. al.
• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:14+00:00 Song: "Mudiak Arau" 9 This is a song named after the place, Harau, which is the name for a nagari, a kecamatan, and the valley. plain 2021-06-26T23:36:25+00:00
  Translation of Title: "Mudiak" means "to go upstream." "Arau" is used in the title to the refer to the place, Harau. "Mudiak Arau," therefore, means "to go upstrem in Harau," meaning to follow the river upstream in the valley.
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song: Satangah Tiang (Mardjani noted this as gembira)
  
  
  Place affiliations: 
  • Nagari: Harau.
  • Kecamatan: Harau.
  • Luak: Limopuluah Koto.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.
  Source: Te E's List of Songs, Mardjani's List of Songs.
  
  
  
  
  
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Djamarih.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:41+00:00 People: Djamarih 8 Djamarih was an influential padendang image_header 2021-03-01T21:07:13+00:00 -0.3675, 100.39086 Stage Name: Djamarih St. Kayo, also spelled Jamarih.
  Other names: See note
  Role: Padendang
  Sex: Male
  Time Frame: Historical figure
  Born: @1915
  Generation: 3rd
  Place: Batagak
  Trained under:
  • St. Malenggang, his mamak (maternal uncle), a padendang from Tigo Baleh, Bukittinggi (Mardjani et. al. 394, 400)
  • Kamboan, a tukang saluang/ padendang from Agam (Mardjani et. al. 400);
  • Angku Mudo Ibrahim, teacher of Qur'anic recitation (Mardjani et. al. 400)
  Trained:
  • Taher, padendang from Tilatang Kamang 
  • Rapiun, padendang from Tilatang Kamang 
  • Kasiun, padendang from Tilatang Kamang 
  • Ajis St. Sati, padendang, Bukik Apik, Bukittinggi
  • Ani, padendang from Aia Angek (she didn't directly mention a connection, so this might be indirect)
  • Buyuang Kamang, padendang from Kamang
  • Sawir St. Mudo, padendang from Maninjau
  • Basa Bote, padendang from Kamang
  • Rustam, padendang from Palembayan 
  • Jo Angek, padendang from Maninjau 
  • Rajuddin, padendang from Tanjuang Karang 
  • Janewar St. Sinaro (Buyuang Puntuang)
    • Information from Mardjani et. al. 397, 400)
  Performed with:
  • Acan St. Mangkuto, a tukang saluang from Batagak 
  • St. Angkeh, a tukang saluang from Batagak
  Recordings: It is likely this is the Djamarih listed on a series of 78s from 1938.
  Other notes: He also worked as a farmer (Mardjani 391)
  Source: Mardjani et. al.
  
  
• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:09+00:00 Song: "Indang Sarilamak" 7 The song is named after a place, the nagari Sarilamak. plain 2021-06-29T18:26:07+00:00 Alternative Title: "Indang Sari Lamak"
  Translation of Title: "Indang Sarilamak." "Indang" in the title is used to indicate the style of song, "Sarilamak" refers to the place, the nagari of Sarilamak.
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song: Satangah Tiang.
  Genre of origin: Dangdut Minang, Orgen.
  
  Place affiliations: 
  • Nagari: Sarilamak.
  • Kecamatan: Harau.
  • Luak: Limopuluah Koto.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.
  Source: Te E's List of Songs, Mardjani's List of Songs. 

   

   

   

  
  
   
• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:17+00:00 Song: "Randang Kopi" 6 This song is affiliated with the place, Bukik Apik Puhun, which is a neighborhood in the city of Bukittinggi. It is famous for its robusta coffee, hence the song titled "Randang Kopi." plain 2021-06-27T00:06:27+00:00 Alternative Title: "Bukik Apik Randang Kopi"
  Translation of Title: TBD.
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song: Satangah Tiang.
  
  Place affiliations: 
  • Neighborhood: Bukik Apik Puhun.
  • City: Bukittinggi.
  • Kecamatan: Guguk Panjang.
  • Luak: Agam.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.
  Source: Te E's List of Songs, Mardjani's List of Songs.
  Other comments: One website selling this coffee, mentions this song and the opening lyrics. 
  
  
  ".... The song entitled "Randang Kopi" was created by Ajis Sutan Sati and sung by Elly Kasim [a famous Minangkabau pop singer]. Maybe the lyrics of the song were once familiar to the generation born in the 70s, but now they are rarely heard."
  
  Lyrics
  Minangkabau
  Rang Bukik Apik oi marandang kopi
  Tampak nan dari lereang pandakian
  Alah mamak oi di pandakian, ondeh kanduang oi
  
  English
  The people of Bukik Apik roast coffee
  It's visible from the side of the slope
  Already mamak on the slope....  
  
  
  
   
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Complete Chart of Performers.jpg 2021-02-25T20:12:10+00:00 People: List of Historical Figures 6 List of Historical Figures involved in Dendang Darek image_header 2021-03-02T21:59:12+00:00 I was interested to seek information about performers in the past to understand the gendered changes in the genre, to get a sense of training and lineages, and a sense of regional affiliations. "The past" I speak of here is a relatively close past, one established through oral history and recollected memories of the oldest generation I consulted and from archival sources that exist. It ranges from the earliest part of the twentieth century through the end of the century to 1998, when I first traveled to West Sumatra. Some people I worked with during fieldwork began their careers in the mid-twentieth century, but many only in the late twentieth century. I've distinguished those that were inactive or deceased by the time my fieldwork began as "historical figures" and those active during my fieldwork "contemporary." Some, of course, straddle the two periods. Although somewhat arbitrary, it helps parse the development of the genre. 
  
  In recreating this partial history, I have consulted several different sources: 
  • discussion with older performers and devotees who recall performers from the past, including their own teachers and co-performers
  • archival sources, such as research reports generated by ASKI (now ISI)
  • commercial 78rpm recordings
  One of the most valuable sources about performers of the past I have consulted, includes Mardjani et. al.'s research report. Published in 1988, it includes interviews with key figures, consultation with them to name other performers, along with a chart that attempts to map lineage. As the authors themselves acknowledge, it is not comprehensive, but from the perspective of 2021, it provides invaluable data, a window into a world otherwise lost. I have relied on that data to re-create a very partial history of saluang in the 20th century. The genre is likely much older than that, but we have no historical record beyond this and the earliest 78 records, the first with saluang dating to 1938. 
  
  The records in Mardjani et. al. are incomplete. We have approximate years of birth for some performers (extrapolated from estimated age at the time of publication of the research report), and a few dates of death. But for many we have nothing. There are also a few inconsistencies in names and/or roles. I have relied on the lineage chart included, labeling what seem to be generations of performers based on who trained them, more than age. The terms "1st generation," "2nd generation" etc. are mine, to help give a sense of time. I was lucky to meet and interview several of the performers of the 4th and 5th generations listed here, including Ajis St. Sati, Syamsimar, and Sawir St. Mudo.  
  
  
  This page tags all those listed in this research report and other archival resources, only a few of whom I had the opportunity to meet. All of the people on the chart are tagged, but not all of the people tagged are on that chart.
  
  The following map provides a sense of geographical distribution. Agam is strongly represented, which may suggest a bias in the research reports or reflect the strength of the region in producing performers. 
  
  
• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:21+00:00 Song: "Singgalang Gulai Rendang" 6 This song is part of a sub-category of songs called Singgalang that are named after the place, the nagari and mountain called Singgalang. plain 2020-12-04T00:37:26+00:00 Alternative Title: Ajis St. Sati said this was the proper title for the song that I knew as "Singgalang Alai."
  Translation of Title: "Gulai Rendang" refers to a famous curry dish, often just called "Rendang." "Singgalang" in the title refers not just to place affiliation but to the category of songs called Singgalang.
  Composer: Unknown.
  Type of song: Singgalang.
  Place affiliations: This whole category of song is named after the place, the nagari and mountain called Singgalang.
  • Nagari: Singgalang.
  • Kecamatan: X Koto.
  • Luak: Tanah Data.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.
  Source: Ajis St. Sati.
  
  
   
• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:09+00:00 Song: "Indang Payokumbuah" 5 This song is named after the place, the city of Payokumbuah. plain 2021-06-25T00:43:30+00:00 Alternative Title: "Indang Payakumbuah"
  Translation of Title: "Indang of Payokumbuah." "Indang" in the title is used to indicate the style of song, "Payokumbuah" refers to the place, the city of Payokumbuah.
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song: Satangah Tiang (Mardjani noted this as gembira)
  Place affiliations: 
  • City: Payokumbuah.
  • Luak: Limopuluah Koto.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.
  Source: Te E's List of Songs, Mardjani's List of Songs.
  
  
  
• 1 2020-07-16T19:14:19+00:00 Song: "Riak Siboga" 3 This song is named after the place, the city of Sibolga in the neighboring province to the north, in North Sumatra. plain 2020-12-02T03:06:52+00:00 Translation of Title: "The Waves of Sibolga." The song is affiliated with the place, the city of Siboga in the neighboring province of North Sumatra.
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song: Satangah Tiang.
  Place affiliations: 
  • City: Sibolga.
  • Province: North Sumatra.
  • Darek or Rantau: Rantau.
  Source: Te E's List of Songs.
   
• 1 2020-08-05T13:42:58+00:00 Song: "Ombak Mamacah" 3 This song is a composition of Ajis St. Sati. plain 2020-12-01T23:57:47+00:00 Translation of Title: "Ombak" means "waves," "mamacah" means "breaking," so "breaking waves."
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song: Gembira.
  Place affiliations: Unknown.
  Source: Mardjani's List of Songs.
   
• 1 2020-08-05T13:42:59+00:00 Song: "Taluak Rengat" 2 This song is a composition of Ajis St. Sati. plain 2020-11-24T00:26:39+00:00 Translation of Title: TBD.
  Composer: Ajis St. Sati.
  Type of song:Gembira.
  Place affiliations: 
  • Luak: Limopuluah Koto.
  • Darek or Rantau: Darek.
  Source: Mardjani's List of Songs.
   
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:43+00:00 People: Rahman St. Basa 2 Rahman St. Basa was a tukang saluang image_header 2021-03-02T20:27:30+00:00 Other Names: Mukhlis St. R. Basa
  Role: Tukang Saluang
  Sex: Male
  Time Frame: Historical figure
  Born: @1940
  Generation: 4th
  Performed with: Ajis St. Sati in group Ganto Sori
  Source: Mardjani et. al.
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Complete Chart of Performers.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:42+00:00 People: Lenggang Kayo 2 Lenggang Kayo was a tukang saluang image_header 2021-03-02T13:52:21+00:00 -0.32209, 100.38428 Role: Tukang Saluang (and padendang?)
  Sex: Male
  Time Frame: Historical figure
  Generation: 3rd
  Place: Tigo Baleh, Bukittinggi
  Trained under:
  • St. Malenggang (Mardjani et. al.: 395)
  • Djamarih (Ajis in Mardjani et. al.: 398)
  Trained:
  • Ajis St. Sati 
  • Buyuang Kamang
  • Basa Bote
  • Sawir St. Mudo
  • Buyuang Puntuang
  Source: Mardjani et. al.
  
  
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:42+00:00 People: Jahar Malin Marajo 2 Jahar Malin Marajo was a tukang rabab image_header 2021-03-01T20:27:31+00:00 Role: Tukang Rabab
  Sex: Male
  Time Frame: Historical figure
  Generation: 4th
  Performed with: Ajis St. Sati in group Ganto Sori 
  Source: Mardjani et. al.

This page references:

• 1 2020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00 Place: Bukittinggi 12 Bukittinggi is the biggest city in Luak Agam. google_maps 2020-09-16T02:08:51+00:00 -0.30477, 100.36957
• 1 media/Image_Ajis St Sati.jpeg media/15. Group.jpeg 2020-10-31T12:19:18+00:00 Performance: Radio Republik Indonesia Bukittinggi, September 27, 2004 12 Bagurau di Udaro image_header 2021-09-03T20:45:13+00:00 -0.31698, 100.38478 09/27/2004
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:41+00:00 People: Abas St. Pamenan 10 Abas St. Pamenan was a padendang image_header 2021-02-25T23:21:12+00:00 -0.33819, 100.35297
• 1 media/Image_Malam Suntuak 7.jpeg 2021-01-02T13:07:06+00:00 People: Mak Il St. Rajo Endah 10 Mak Il was the radio announcer at Bagurau di Udaro image_header 2021-03-04T13:28:05+00:00 -0.296181, 100.368406
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Djamarih.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:41+00:00 People: Djamarih 8 Djamarih was an influential padendang image_header 2021-03-01T21:07:13+00:00 -0.3675, 100.39086
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:12:03+00:00 Group: Ganto Sori 3 Ganto Sori was an organized group image_header 2021-02-25T20:20:29+00:00
• 1 2020-07-10T12:16:30+00:00 Place: Bukik Apik Puhun 3 Bukik Apik Puhun is a nagari in Kecamatan Guguak Panjang in Kabupaten Agam. google_maps 2020-07-21T12:44:24+00:00 -0.30028, 100.3612
• 1 2020-11-21T00:35:15+00:00 Resource: Mardjani Martamin et. al. 2 plain 2021-02-11T21:43:27+00:00
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ani etc.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:41+00:00 People: Ani Aia Angek 2 Ani Aia Angek was one of the first professional female padendang image_header 2021-02-25T23:19:52+00:00 -0.40776, 100.41081
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:42+00:00 People: Jahar Malin Marajo 2 Jahar Malin Marajo was a tukang rabab image_header 2021-03-01T20:27:31+00:00
• 1 media/Image_Mardjani_Ganto SoriFINAL.jpg 2021-02-25T14:08:43+00:00 People: Rahman St. Basa 2 Rahman St. Basa was a tukang saluang image_header 2021-03-02T20:27:30+00:00