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1. 1 2021-02-04T19:03:12+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3 References Jennifer Fraser 2 List of bibliographic and discographic resources referenced in this project plain 2021-07-01T00:59:14+00:00 Jennifer Fraser 404477000adfd4e5c7a1128cfac82e1fc740e8c3

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• 1 2021-02-04T18:50:58+00:00 Project Team 76 List of contributors and their roles within the project. plain 2022-01-06T01:45:37+00:00

  Jennifer Fraser 

  Roles: Principal Investigator, Site Designer & Development, Author, and Editor. 
  Bio:  Jennifer Fraser is Associate Professor of Ethnomusicology and Anthropology at Oberlin College. Her first book, Gongs and Pop Songs: Sounding Minangkabau in Indonesia, investigates the ways Minangkabau people in West Sumatra, Indonesia, use radically different sounding gong ensembles to negotiate community, ethnicity, and their place in the world. But since publishing that book, she's been exploring community-engaged work and re-envisioning the way ethnographic knowledge is shared, resulting in this Digital Humanities project. 
  Email: jfraser@oberlin.edu
  Website: https://www.oberlin.edu/jennifer-fraser
   

  Sumatra-Based Contributors

   

  Saiful Hadi

  Roles: Collaborator in and Co-Designer of Ethnographic Research 2015-2016
  Bio: Still to come

   

   

   

  Dr. Arzul Jama'an 

  Roles: Host Father, Consultant on Research Design, and Transcription of Song Texts
  Bio: Still to come

   

   

  Martis

  Roles: Research Collaborator and Teacher for Ethnographic Fieldwork 2003-2004 
  Bio: Still to come

   

  
  
   

   

  Mak Il St. Rajo Endah

  Roles: Research Collaborator and Teacher for Ethnographic Fieldwork 2003-2004 
   

   

   

   

   

  U.S.-Based Contributors

  Gabriela Linares

  Role: Assistant Site Designer & Builder
  Bio: Gabriela Linares, a Puerto Rican ethnomusicologist in training and a singer, is a recent graduate from Oberlin Conservatory who will be starting her masters degree at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music in the Fall of 2021. She has collaborated with Jennifer Fraser on various projects including this site, Song in the Sumatran Highlands, since the summer of 2020. Gabriela worked on mapping places into an interactive map that is powered by google, from where these peoples and then music mobilized. She also contributed to creating individual pages for each place, person, song, and type of song. Throughout this process Gabriela began to grasp the ongoing history that was lived by musicians within the saluang genre. As the project took the form of a website, she was able to connect material notes, songs and their individual renditions at different performances through hyperlinks, revealing the ways in which the material is intertwined.  In addition, Gabriela contributed the idea of an interactive timeline that gives users an evolving experience of each performance. She is a strong believer in and advocate for the digital humanities. She believes that the digital humanities have allowed us to access multimodal ways of presenting and engaging with materials. 

   

  Megan S. Mitchell

  Role: Technical Consultant for Digital Humanities & Scalar
  Bio: Academic Engagement & Digital Initiatives Coordinator Oberlin College Libraries

   

   

   

   

  Benjamin Simonson

  Role: Map Designer (designed maps of Alam Minangkabau, Darek, & Rantau)
  Contact​: ​​​Ben Simonson, Designer @ simonson.design

   

• 1 media/image_Minangkabau flutes2.JPG 2021-01-18T01:33:02+00:00 Minangkabau Musical Genres 54 List of Minangkabau Genres image_header 2021-04-26T12:56:09+00:00

  'The Minangkabau have one of the richest traditions of performing arts to be found in Indonesia." (Yampolsky & Hanefi, 1994: 4)

  There is a rich array of musical genres and styles found throughout the Minangkabau homeland, both in the darek and the rantau. There are those genres that are indigenous and those that have been imported from elsewhere and made local. Many of the indigenous genres are deeply place-based, that is they are tied to specific places from the most localized (found in only one nagari) to those found in broader regions, such as the darek. There are only a few indigenous genres that are found throughout the homeland, such as talempong, but the expression of them is deeply localized. For talempong, this means different instruments, tuning, instrumental roles and names, repertoire, and even gender affiliations from place to place (see chapter 2 in Fraser 2015). There is no single vocal tradition found throughout the homeland, but rather a range of regional variants that use some kind of flute or fiddle for accompaniment.    
  
  Saluang, as discussed in this site, is one of those genres that has strong place-based affiliations--to the darek in general but also to specific places through repertoire choices. It has spread far beyond the borders, eclipsing and replacing some of the more localized flute traditions while absorbing and integrating some of the localized repertoire into the saluang mainstream. Because so many localized Minangkabau genres are absorbed into the saluang repertoire, they are laid out here. 

  Indigenous Minangkabau Genres

  In the Minangkabau vocabulary there is no singular word for “music.” Rather, sounds are divided into two broad categories: dendang (literally “song”) and buni-bunian (literally “sounds” but refers here to instrumental music). Most of the genres classified as dendang involve instrumental accompaniment, usually just a solo flute or fiddle of some kind. The genres are often named for that instrument. Below we lay out some of those genres. 

  Dendang 

  There are a rich array of indigenous Minangkabau vocal genres involving oral literary traditions. There are two primary forms of text employed in these genres: those that are based on pantun (a verse from found throughout the Malay region) and those that use kaba (a kind of epic story telling tradition). Most of these genres use some form of instrumental accompaniment, often some kind of flute or fiddle.  

  Genres from the Darek

  Some of these genres are widespread and found throughout the whole of the darek, like saluang and rebab darek (the pins provided on the google map were chosen for central locality). Others are more localized, like saluang sirompak and sijobang, found in the areas surrounding the pin provided on the map.  
  

  Genres from the Rantau

  
  
   

  Buni-Bunian
  
  
  
  Other Local Genres

  Modernist, Cosmopolitan Genres

   

• 1 2021-04-23T17:28:40+00:00 Genre: Pop Minang 3 Description of the genre plain 2021-06-29T19:58:06+00:00

  Pop Minang is popular music in the Minangkabau language, a term that is a catch all for a variety of styles. It is the main genre of songs performed in the style of orgen, along with dangdut Minang. There is a very active Minang recording industry and a large number of songs affiliated with this genre. Some dendang become pop songs. 
  
  Resources: 

  • Fraser, Jennifer. 2015. Gongs and Pop Songs: Sounding Minangkabau in Indonesia. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
  • Hendri, Yon. 2000. “Perkembangan Dendang Menjadi Lagu Pop Minang Di Minangkabau.” Palanta Seni Budaya 6(Maret):11-18.
  • Hendri, Yon. 2005. “Dendang Tradisi Dan Lagu Pop Minang: Sebuah Lintasan Sejarah.” Ekspresi Seni: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Karya Seni 7(7):128-143.