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Song in the Sumatran Highlands

Genre: Dangdut

Dangdut is a popular music genre that is widespread throughout Indonesia. The genre historically was an amalgamation drawing on Hindi film music, Arabic pop, and Western rock, which has a characteristic rhythm. There are a number of regional variants, including dangdut Minang.

Related Resources

Weintraub, Andrew N. 2010. Dangdut Stories: A Social and Musical History of Indonesia’s Most Popular Music. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Song: "Bola"
Translation of Title: "Soccer."
Composer: Unknown
Type of song: Gembira.
Genre of origin: dangdut Indonesia
Place affiliations: Unknown.
Source: Mardjani's List of Songs, Martis, Pak Ketua.
Description: According to Martis, the theme of this song is like having lots of partners/ girlfriends, like a ball bouncing all over the place.
Introduction to Songs Songs--called "dendang" in Minangkabau and "lagu" in Indonesian--are at the heart of saluang. But just what is a song in the context of saluang and how do people talk about them, how do they know and approach them as things in the world? This page provides a basic introduction to help orient you, the user, to the local ways of knowing and thinking about these songs.
What is a song?
What constitutes a song--that is what makes up the DNA of any given song--might be different than your definition. Very few of these songs have identified composers. These songs are identified by title and tune, not by their lyrics. That is because the textual content is not fixed. That content may--and usually does--change from one performance to the next, with padendang drawing on their stock of memorized verses or creating them anew in response to the performance context and interactions with the audience members. Make sure to read song texts for more information. People identify songs largely by their structure, including melodic and rhythmic content. But they also categorize individual songs and group them together based on similarities in a variety of different ways.
Classification of songs
Practitioners and devotees of saluang alike provide a number of categories for classifying songs. These categories provide local ways of knowing the repertoire, ways of interpreting, understanding, learning, appreciating, requesting and otherwise interacting with the songs. The most important ways of knowing and classifying the songs are through type of song and their place affiliations. In presenting individual songs in this site, we engage and use these local systems of knowledge to organize them. It is also important to note that different people might have divergent knowledge about a song's associations, based on their positionality and individualized experiences. The associations presented in this site reflect an identification provided by an individual to me. That doesn't make it necessarily it the "right" interpretation. I think the moments of multiple identifications are more fascinating than the clear cut cases, revealing the way knowledge is differently structured and experienced by individuals.
Classification by type of song
Most practitioners and devotees classify the songs according to one of three song types: ratok (sad songs, literally from the word "lament"), gembira (happy songs) and those in between, satangah tiang (literally "half mast"), which are sometimes described as "half happy" and sometimes as "half sad," depending on who is talking. There are also a large collection of songs from the region called Singgalang. Some people refer to these songs--a very distinctive collection--as a fourth category and others refer to them as a subcategory of ratok.
Classification by function
There are a few songs that are classified according to their function: talingkin (songs sung without saluang in the middle of a performance) and jalu-jalu (the songs used to close a performance).
Classification by place affiliation
Most songs are affiliated with places, identified by performers and devotees as affiliated with either the darek or the rantau, a specific luak or kabupaten, a region (an area that doesn't map neatly onto any one administrative unit), a nagari, or a specific landmark.
Classification by pokok
Tukang saluang (flute players) also classify the songs according to pokok (a system that references how many finger holes are open or closed). This is a more specialized level of knowledge, so we've opted to exclude it for now.
Origin of songs
Most of the songs in the repertoire are considered "klasik," meaning they have been part and parcel of the genre for a very long time. The genre, however, incorporates new material from other genres, both regional Minangkabau practices, such as indang or sijobang, and popular genres, such as regional and national dangdut tunes. It is not clear how long this incorporation of "outside" material has been occurring, but it has been occurring at least since I started tracking songs in 2003-2004. See Songs Imported from Other Genres.
Attribution of Songs
Most of the songs in the repertoire are not attributed to any specific composer. Most of these songs could be considered part of the "klasik" repertoire, composed before the practice of making connections between content and individual ownership. There are some songs, however, that we present here that do have attributed composers, most of whom are well-known padendang (see composers). Practitioners and connoisseurs alike sometimes offer attribution in discussing the songs, but there is not always agreement in that attribution. I expect that is for a number of reasons: not documented in writing, people offering covers and variations, people familiar with the first person to have popular or commercial success with a tune, even if they didn't initially compose the tune. It is sometimes difficult to parse these stories to get to the truth, whatever that may be; instead it is best to consider each claim telling a different kind of truth.
Structure of Songs
Most songs are strophic in form, meaning the melody stays consistent for each verse. There are a handful of songs, for example, "Pariaman Panjang" and "Kambang Aia Aji," that have multiple parts, with each part having a distinct melody. These parts are know as induak (mother) and anak (child). While there is an ideal progression of order through these multi-part songs (say induak, anak, anak), my recordings suggest that order is not always followed. See Songs with Interesting Features.
Style: Saluang Dangdut 9 Saluang dangdut involves a combination of repertoire and instrumentation from saluang and dangdut image_header 2021-06-29T18:45:36+00:00
Definition: "Saluang dangdut" means saluang with dangdut. Some people suggest it has been around since the 1970s. I witnessed a couple of performances in 2004, but have not seen any with this combination since.

Performer line up: The most conventional line-up involves:
- multiple padendang
- tukang saluang
- gendang dangdut
- rabano, or drum known as gendang oyak
- giriang, or tambourine
- a janang depending on context.
Economics: These groups are contracted.

Context: Saluang dangdut was mostly found at life cycle celebrations, including weddings, circumcisions, and the such.

Performance Space:
- Outside the house at family events
- In the street, indoor halls, or other communal spaces for community events
Amplification: Typically amplified through massive speaker systems.

Repertoire: The songs covered are
- metered songs from saluang repertoire, including singgalang, gembira, and some satangah tiang. The ratok are not appropriate for saluang dangdut treatment
- songs from dangdut Minang, dangdut Indonesia, pop Minang and other genres that can be adapted to the saluang
Time frame: I've heard that people have been experimenting with this style from the 1970s. My sense is that this style has morphed into saluang orgen.

Region: The style originates in the darek, though I did witness one performance in Padang. It's unclear how frequently it was performed in the rantau.
Genre: Dangdut Minang
Dangdut Minang is the regional variant of dangdut, marked by the use of Minangkabau language texts, rather than Indonesian language texts of the wider genre. There are distinct songs in this repertoire that one doesn't find in dangdut Indonesia. These songs are adapted to a range of musical styles, including saluang dangdut and orgen.

Here's an example of a dangdut Minang song delivered in the style of orgen at a bagurau lapiak performance at Pasa Payokumbuah.
Song: "Sabungkuih Aia Mato" Translation of Title: "A Package of Tears."
Composer: Unknown.
Type of song: None.
Genre of origin: Dangdut.
Place affiliations: Unknown.
Source: Pak Ketua.
Description: It is adopted from lagu kampar, songs from the Kampar region of neighboring Riau.

This page references:

Resource: Weintraub. 2010. Dangdut Stories